Data description Essay Example for Free

Data description Essay The next step of the analysis is to compare the rank order of the relative true factor endowments in Table 1, to the rank order of the trade-revealed factor endowments in Table 2. Comparing these rank orders shows that both rank orders are identical, except that the rankings of land and un-skilled labour are switched. Furthermore, this table demonstrates that the trade performance of Vietnam, measured by exports minus imports, is dependent on the country-specific abundance of land, low-skilled labour. This implies that Vietnam has a comparative advantage in goods that make intensive use of unskilled-skilled and land, and a comparative disadvantage in goods that make intensive use of capital, intermediate and highly-skilled labour. The limitation of the study is that the absolute value of trade-revealed factor endowment (value of F: the left hand side of equation 4) and the relative true factor endowment (value of the right hand side of equation 4) do not coincide. This may be due to five factors: first, a key explanation is that each country uses different production techniques, these differences reflect factor endowment differences. Therefore, factor content studies that use a common technology matrix will systematically understate actual factor content. This leads to a failure in the assumption of factor price equalisation. Second explanation for the early failure to find factor content is an apparent bias in consumption towards locally produced goods. Third, although the input-output tables are becoming available for many countries, they are arguably not the highest quality economic data available. Fourth, the differences between the trade-revealed factor content and relatively true factor endowment also comes from the introduction of costs to international trade, which could have a strong effect on trade volume9. Finally, goods of intermediate factor intensity fall into the non-traded sector, so we tended to underestimate the true factor content of trade. There is a systematic correlation between country capital abundance and industry input usage not only in tradables (where this now suggests specialization) but also in non-tradables (where this suggests factor substitution). Thus, a mismatch can occur in calculating the factor content of trade and relatively true factor endowment. Some researchers are trying to build a new model that predicts some of the technology and demand modifications needed by the empirical factor content studies to make the Heckscher-Ohlin model fit the data. In addition to the two tests, based on the figures in column two and four, Spearmans and Kendalls correlation was computed. The value of coefficient is 0. 9 and the correlation is statistically significant at 97% level of confidence. In addition, Kendalls correlation was also performed for the rank test using information in column three and five, the coefficient is also 0. 9, and it is significant at 96% level of confidence. Therefore, findings of the sign test and rank test support the H-O-V theorem in trade between Vietnam and the world. 6 Conclusion The HOV theorem on trade between Vietnam and the world was tested by measuring both true and trade-revealed factor endowments. Two non-parametrics tests were conducted, the sign test and the rank test. Since the sign test was completely successful and the rank orders of factor abundance according to both methods of measurement are very similar, the HOV theorem is confirmed. The analysis of Vietnams factor endowments has shown that Vietnam has factor abundances in land and un-skilled labour, land whereas it has factor scarcities in capital, semi-skilled labour and highly-skilled labour. This implies that Vietnam has a revealed comparative advantage in goods that are intensive in the use of land and un-skilled labour and a comparative disadvantage in goods that are intensive in the use of capital, semi-skilled labour and highly-skilled labour. Therefore, the theory performed well, indicating that the relevant framework may be a reasonable framework for policy studies. In addition, studies of the factor content of trade may help in addressing policy questions of the impact of openness on national income levels and distribution. In fact, there already is a study mapping measures of the factor content of trade into impacts on domestic relative wages for the United States and other members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) under some conditions which such a mapping makes sense. This work has been very important in clarifying issues to be addressed in future work. A major area for future work is taking the empirical frameworks favored by the studies of factor content and find out the consequences of international integration on incomes and inequality. To sum up, study on factor content of trade bring out a deep understanding of how resources may drive patterns of trade between a country and other countries, and between a country and a region. References Bowen, H. P. , Leamer,E. E. , Sveikauskas,L. , 1987. Multicountry, Multifactor Tests of the Factor Abundance Theory, American Economic Review, 77:791-809. Brecher,A. Choudhri,E. U. (1982), The Factor Content of International Trade without Factor-Price Equalisation, Journal of International Economics, 12:277-283.

Income Inequality Essay Example for Free

Income Inequality Essay Minimum Wage Income inequality in America has become a big issue, one that many of us hear every day; whether on the news or from our parents. But normally, we don’t hear the actual phrase used. We hear things like â€Å"the top two percent,† or, the â€Å"rich vs. the poor.† So, what is income inequality? Income inequality is defined as the difference between individuals or populations in the distribution of their assets, wealth, or income. So, with that in mind, why would anyone be against raising a minimum wage? At first glance, the plan does seem to be an intelligent fix to a problem that’s stayed dormant for quite a while. Raising the minimum wage drastically from where it was in 2009 to now would be a blunt and possibly inefficient way of continuing to attempt to give the poor a better way of life. There is one simple fact that many people simply don’t look at: there are more than one group of people working for minimum wage. There is a myriad of people working for the federal 7.50, from teenagers on their first jobs to older people with second jobs. Jonathon Guryan, an economist at Northwestern University and a neutral observer of the wage debate, said that â€Å"Its not helping as many or as large a portion of the labor market as you probably would like.† This being said, the workers that will benefit from a minimum wage increase would be so diverse that the group of people we are aiming to help, the poor and desperate, wouldn’t be getting all the help. Now, what of the small businesses and family companies that can hardly handle the current minimum wage? Well, they’d be taking a hit too if a drastic increase such as this were to hit. Businesses that make less money than others in their profits per year are expected to have to cut down on their expenses and lay off their workforce in order to compensate for the loss of funds. So, while the minimum wage would benefit the people in the business lucky enough to not be laid off, those who were fired could  be the very people we were attempting to help. Unfortunately, this could mean that a large part of the workforce that handles manual labor could be out of the job. Other businesses would not even be that lucky. There are much better ways to fight income inequality than just simply raising the federal minimum wage. It’s a very black and white argument for a topic that is not so black and white. To better improve our income equality, and therefore lift people out of poverty, we could be putting more funding into things like education, food stamps and the Earned Income Tax Credit (or the EITC), which is a refundable tax credit targeting people who make a low income. It would be a shame to not only miss a chance to reduce poverty now, but to forget that we’ll all be having this same conversation in a few years if we just raise the minimum wage. That being said, I don’t believe the federal minimum wage should be raised to $10.00 per hour.

Examples of Software Crisis

Examples of Software Crisis Software Crysis What was it? The software crisis which happened during the 1960s, 1970s and the 1980s, happened because of companies were discovering the potential of the computer softwares over the manual systems. This lead to companies demanding more and more from the programmers which for a programmer working alone was a bit impossible to cater alone. For instance as the programmer which was working on the the software could not coop with all the demands of the customer in time lead for the delivery of the software to be late of the date settled. As there was not enough planning lead to over budget from that stipulated in the beginning of the contract. Most of the times the software produced by the programmer didnt reach the specification and the functionality requested by the customer apart from that the programmer would give a sheet full of the bugs in the software which was accepted by the customer at the time as said by Booch it was â€Å"a malady that has carried on this long must be  called normal.â €  i.e. it was acceptable that softwares bought by the customer were of a low standard. Apart from that the software was accompanied by a poor documentation. But there was a time when the customer saw that instead of profit they were spending money on software which the manual technique was more profitable as it didnt cost as the software and more efficient. The production of low standard software lead to damage of property and there was even casualties because of incompetence of the software produced. As stated by oppapers.com â€Å"the software crisis was at first defined in terms of productivity but evolved to emphasize quality†.By damage of property is meant that the programme would have built the software with poor security which hackers could have breached easily implying that valuable data could have been stolen from the softwares database easily. When referring to casualties it is meant that there were embedded systems in machines like for example radiotherapy mach ines which gave lethal doses of radioactive material, this could have been avoided by more testing to ensure that the system worked correctly. What caused it? It was firstly caused because of the lack of programmers working together therefore a lot of work was concentrated on one programmer which would have to concentrate on many aspects of the software therefore there is a good probability of forgetting something which will bring out a software with bad specs when they tried to counter it by hiring more programmers still it failed as the same problem still persisted because the programmers didnt know how to work in a team. Programmers didnt ask the customer what did they need of the software therefore the programmer would create a program with bad specs which would lead in more maintenance after the software would be created so that the software would be as the customer needs it. The programmer didnt interact with the customer unlike nowadays were they try to go in the customers head to produce the software with the most desired specs to work efficiently and effectively in its field. The complexity of the tailored software which had to be produced was increasing which on its own would need time to solve in an efficient way in a programming language but the user always wanted to pay as least as possible and demanded that the software had to be done shortly which would have brought about requirements conflicts, as to produce a complex system takes time, but the user didnt give the time, if a software wasnt given a low budget meant that the system must not be that complex as the payment is low. Therefore in the end the system requirements were never reached which brought about discomfort in the user which started to see that he computerized system was more as a nuisance than a help. According to sa-depot.com another cause might have been â€Å"failure to manage risk† which in the same site it is stated that the waterfall life cycle will delay problem identification this is because as it can be seen in the picture on the right verification that the software is working correctly only happens before implementation there is no parallel testing in the making of the software which would lead in more maintenance after the implementation of the software. Another cause mentioned on sa-depot.com is â€Å"legacy systems must be maintained, but the original developers are gone†this implies that no good documentation was made so that other programmers can get the hang of the structure of the tailored software. Inadequate teaching of software engineering might have been another cause which would result in more maintenance and not reaching the deadline because of tasks which had to be redone to be made as they were supposed to be done which implied less productivity and wasting of precious time. Example: The production of the os/360 system is a good example of the software crisis. The os/360 was to be produced with the system/ 360 mainframe. Its production started in the 1960 and was planned that by 1966 would be produced. The software was the biggest and most complex having over million lines of code and with an initial investiment of 125 million. In Spring 1964 the development task got underway. There were about 70 programmers working on the project but later it was calculated that schedules were slipping therefore they hired more programmers increasing from 60 to 150. But as they increased the number of programmers the less was their standard. Although there was a sudden increase in the number of programmers working on the software, still they estimated thet the development was running late by aproximatley 6 months. Further more a test run was made on the system and was found that the system was very slow which implied that there had to be more reprogramming of already done work w hich meant more delay in the progress of work. By the end of 1965 it was found out that there were fundamental flaws and thereappeared no easy way to arrange them. There was rescheduling in the development plan and it was announced that the software was running 9 months late. At the peak of the system development there was employeed a stuff of 1000 people. Finally by mid 1967 the system was produced a year late of the initial date stipulated and the IBM went with a loss of aproximatley half a billion. This is a good example of the software crisis when there is a lot of complexity in the system for a number of programmers to produce and when hiring programmers which have a low skill in programming which resulted in a late production of the system and an over budget expenditure which is a loss for the company producing it. Persistence: According to accglobal.com †software crisis persists. Software is still difficult to develop and often fails to meet user expectations† and zappa.ubvu.vu.nl gives a reason why â€Å"the software crisis persists because ISs remain as complex and rigid as before to the people who have to maintain them†. Although programmers nowadays work in teams and every body creates part of the software and no programmer works individually. Nowadays system Analysts are hired to serve as a translator between the programmer and the user which needs a tailor made software so that the analyst can tell the programmer what the user wants by the means of diagrams and structural tools. But still softwares are produced over budget and go over the dead line and there os still a lot of maintenance going on on the system after it is delivered i.e. patches and fixes because bugs were found in the system or there is a malfunction in a feature or even the software stops responding. Structure theorem: The structured theorm technique was firstly introduced by Bohm and Jacopini of Italy in 1964 and it was later updated by Dijkstra,Jackson, Yourdon, and wirth and was re-named to the structure analysis. Basically the theorem proofs that every computable function can be derived using only 3 techniques used together or on their own. These are the sequence ,selection and iteration. Sequence means that the code of the program is read line by line always i.e line 1 is read before line 2 is read etc. e.g.: Selection means that there is the use of a choice for instance if A>B then A is printed out or if B>A then be would be printed out on the screen. The use of Boolean I,e. true or false. This technique sometimes is referred to as the if/then/else function (if A>B ,then print A, else print B).Another use of the selections statement is the case statement were the computer is give some cases which he would compare them with the result, when the result is matched with one of the cases it processes the lines of code related with that particular case are processed. The iteration is when the computer has to compute the same thing for a specified number of times i.e. a loop. Figure 5: the iteration taken from http://www.waycross.edu/Faculty/ckikuchi/COMP1301/StructureTheorem.htThe structured theorem brought about the use of the modular design. the use of modules in programming which means that a program is divided into different modules which then are joined to produce the final product. A module contains functions which are related together for example like the GUI of a program. Gane and Sarson. The Gane and Sarson technique was invented by Chrise Gane and Trisk Sarson in the late 1970s, it is called a DFD(data flow diagram) that is a logical diagram is built using a y person a graphical models so that a clear picture of the whole users in an easy way. The diagrams used in the Gane and Sarson are 4: External entity which indicates data entering the systems or data coming out of the system. This is represented by a Rectangle. A data flow which means when data is flowing form one part to another, this is represented by an arrow, the tip means to where the data is flowing. The Data Store, means when there is needed that a data which has to be saved, it is represented by a rectangle with the left side without an edge. The process, this means when there is a process that will change the form of the data flowing in the system, this is represented by a rectangle which instead of corners it has arcs. The Gane and Sarson is good because you dont need to be an IT professional to use it as it can be easily understood by the users which want a system done and it people which are working on the same project can have a clear view what is needed from the system and there is no ambiguity as there is in the languages. In difference than the Yourdon/demarco the gane/sarson diagram doesnt divide the structure into levels so you are looking at the whole system in one page on the other hand in the Yourdon/Demarco devides the structure into different levels with every level u increase the detail of each process.

The Changes in Frank and Rita in Act Two :: Educating Rita Social Class Literature Essays

The Changes in Frank and Rita in Act Two How does Russell present the changes in Frank and Rita in act 2, scenes 2-6? Rita before: â€Å"Its that stupid bleed’n handle on that door, you wanna get it fixed.† Rita now: â€Å"Frank, you’re not in any fit state for a tutorial† Frank before: â€Å"It’s supposed to embrace a more comprehensive studentship.† Frank now: â€Å"Pissed? I was glorious! I fell off the rostrum twice.† As well as these changes, I will illustrate many other dramatic changes and role reversals that have taken place between the characters of Rita and Frank in the last few scenes of the play. Firstly with the stage direction â€Å"RITA, WHO IS SITTING COMFORTABLY IN THE ARMCHAIR.† Russell has shown us that Rita is now the educated woman she first set out to be. This is clearly portrayed with the word â€Å"ARMCHAIR† as this object symbolises cleverness itself, as well as this by Rita being â€Å"COMFORTABLE† in this environment it shows the audience that Rita has settled into her new life style. Because of this they would be impressed, as Rita has gone from a common uneducated person, to a highly educated and a very unique human being. Russell's message here to us all is that you can achieve many things if you just put your mind to it. Also with Frank who is outside his own room, Russell shows him as a very drunk, vulgar individual, â€Å"Sod them, no fuck them fuck them eh Rita.† Firstly this shows the main role reversal of Rita and Frank. Rita has become a highly educated character while Frank has become a common abusive yob. So by this the audience would be disappointed in Frank who is a professor that is thought upon as polite, well mannered and gracious, this is a classic stereotype. Russell also suggests that because of this certain craves in life can change your attitude (e.g. alcohol) and make you commit things you may regret. As well as this, with the quote â€Å"You didn’t tell me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Russell presents Frank as an obsessed lover. Which is a completely different register instead of the expected teacher pupil register. Also as well as being obsessed, it shows the audience that he wants to be with her always and seems to never want her out of his sight. The audience would feel uncomfortable as a teacher is so concerned by a pupil’s social life. So by this I imagine that Russell is suggesting that fondness for someone can come in many forms that are not thought upon at first. To add to this, Frank uses this following quote after has offered his The Changes in Frank and Rita in Act Two :: Educating Rita Social Class Literature Essays The Changes in Frank and Rita in Act Two How does Russell present the changes in Frank and Rita in act 2, scenes 2-6? Rita before: â€Å"Its that stupid bleed’n handle on that door, you wanna get it fixed.† Rita now: â€Å"Frank, you’re not in any fit state for a tutorial† Frank before: â€Å"It’s supposed to embrace a more comprehensive studentship.† Frank now: â€Å"Pissed? I was glorious! I fell off the rostrum twice.† As well as these changes, I will illustrate many other dramatic changes and role reversals that have taken place between the characters of Rita and Frank in the last few scenes of the play. Firstly with the stage direction â€Å"RITA, WHO IS SITTING COMFORTABLY IN THE ARMCHAIR.† Russell has shown us that Rita is now the educated woman she first set out to be. This is clearly portrayed with the word â€Å"ARMCHAIR† as this object symbolises cleverness itself, as well as this by Rita being â€Å"COMFORTABLE† in this environment it shows the audience that Rita has settled into her new life style. Because of this they would be impressed, as Rita has gone from a common uneducated person, to a highly educated and a very unique human being. Russell's message here to us all is that you can achieve many things if you just put your mind to it. Also with Frank who is outside his own room, Russell shows him as a very drunk, vulgar individual, â€Å"Sod them, no fuck them fuck them eh Rita.† Firstly this shows the main role reversal of Rita and Frank. Rita has become a highly educated character while Frank has become a common abusive yob. So by this the audience would be disappointed in Frank who is a professor that is thought upon as polite, well mannered and gracious, this is a classic stereotype. Russell also suggests that because of this certain craves in life can change your attitude (e.g. alcohol) and make you commit things you may regret. As well as this, with the quote â€Å"You didn’t tell me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Russell presents Frank as an obsessed lover. Which is a completely different register instead of the expected teacher pupil register. Also as well as being obsessed, it shows the audience that he wants to be with her always and seems to never want her out of his sight. The audience would feel uncomfortable as a teacher is so concerned by a pupil’s social life. So by this I imagine that Russell is suggesting that fondness for someone can come in many forms that are not thought upon at first. To add to this, Frank uses this following quote after has offered his

Logical and Physical Network Design :: essays research papers

Hi everyone, my name is Randi Griffin. I live on St. Croix in the Virgin Islands. Now I know what you are thinking: I live in paradise, so my life must be cake. Well, it is not. I am a wife, mother, and business owner. I am also very involved with my church. It does not matter that I live here, life is still life, it’s just a lot warmer than it is in the states. My primary email address is bear@vipowernet.net; my secondary email address is rgrif@email.uophx.edu. My work and home phone are the same: (340) 772-6049. That is my fax number, also. My cell# is (340) 513-9534. I went to college for three years at Salem State College in Massachusetts. My major was Computer Science. It was a blast. My professors and fellow classmates were awesome. We had a lot of fun. It was a small school, and a small CS department consisting of 3 professors and about 20 students. Luckily, most of my classmates were in my math courses, too. They were tough. I learned how to program with ADA. It is a military computer program and very robust. Most people consider it outdated because it’s not as risky and powerful as C++, but when it comes to military programming, I think the language had better be idiot-proof. It was a great learning tool, although I here that SSC has now switched to Java for the primary learning language. What I learned in SSC was a lot of mathematics and logic and how mathematics and logic applies to computer software. I learned how to build applications, and how systems and the SDLC work. A lot of what I am learning at UOP is repetitive of what I learned at SSC. My family and I moved to the VI in the beginning of my senior year at SSC, and I didn’t return to higher learning for two years after we moved. I felt I was out of the loop, so I decided that it was best to repeat the classes I took at SSC to bring myself up to speed. I am glad I did, because this is when I learned Java, Microsoft Project, Access and SQL Server. I've touched a little bit on networking at SSC, but never in the detail that was involved in the last course I took. My work experience in the IT field is limited.

Biodiversity Essay -- plants extinction ecosystem

Biodiversity Imagine this: you step outside and feel the barren, rough, red Earth beneath your feet. There’s not a single plant in sight—no rustling of the leaves, no mighty towering trees to block the severe winds, and the scorching heat of the sun searing upon your face because there’s no shade. And when you take a whiff of air, you feel nothing filling up the space inside your lungs, liberating your body’s activities. What’s wrong with this picture? It’s not possible, of course. Even though plants aren’t the building blocks of life, they’re pretty close and without them, most of life wouldn’t exist—YOU wouldn’t exist. In my research, I will go in-depth about biodiversity—which defines as a quantity of the relative diversity among organisms present in various ecosystems (WordIQ). My research will focus mainly on the importance of plants/concern over plant extinction, rare, threatened, and endangered species, wa ys to prevent this from happening around our area, among other things. Why plants are essential to biomass/distress over plant extinction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you may already know, plants are essential to the biomass through a list of numerous reasons. Plants provide for many important aspects of life, such as oxygen, food, medicines, beauty and tranquility. So what’s the agony over just a couple of vanished plant species? Research shows that if plant species continue to decline in major ecosystems, it could lead to the sixth mass extinction on planet Earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to experiments and statistics conducted by scientists, 28 percent of plants have decreased over the last 20 years. These results were supported by extensive destitution of habitats affected by human activities (Ananthaswamy, 2004). Each year, an estimated 17,000 to 100,000 species perish from our planet (World IQ, 2004). Reasons for US-wise status of rare, threatened, and endangered species and process of listing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some reasons for these â€Å"rare, threatened, and endangered† plant types are caused by nitrogen pollution. Based on recent studies experimented by some UK colleagues of the Open University in Milton Keynes, they found the soil/plant richness of high nitrogen-pollution concentrated areas was much lower than that of low-pollution concentrated areas. These results were drawn from samples taken from 68 different grassland sites. The number of species in each site ... ... even to provide shelter, shade, and clothes for us, among other things. Without them, we wouldn’t be here. They give so much for us, yet we give very little back to them. So if you have a bit of time on your hands someday, go out and plant a tree or do something that’ll give back to the ecosystem! Bibliography Entries Anathaswamy, A. (2004). â€Å"Earth Faces Sixth Mass Extinction†. New Scientist. â€Å"BGCI becomes an Associate Participant in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)†. BGCI Online. (2004). â€Å"Community Partnerships†. DeKalb Greenspace. (2001). â€Å"Definition of Biodiversity†. WordIQ. (----). Fisher, P (2004). â€Å"Landowners Receive More than $7 Million to Conserve Imperiled Species Through the Fiscal Year†. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. â€Å"Listed Species in Dekalb County†. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2004). Palmer, T (2004). â€Å"Grant Awarded to Save Rare Plant†. The Ledger Online. page 4. â€Å"Summary of Listed Species: Species and Recovery Plans as of 9/22/04†. Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS). (2004). â€Å"Species Information: Threatened and Endangered Animals and Plants†. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2004).

Nonverbal Communication: Emotions

Nonverbal communication is playing nowadays one of the most important roles in organizations and companies, because it is the only source of mutual understanding among employees and customers, directors and suppliers, etc. Apparently, one of the wide-spread barriers to communicate emotions is hierarchy or status. Hierarchy affects communication of emotions, because the fact that a person is a boss certainly creates barrier to open and sincere communication. Boss is responsible for determining rewards and penalties and thus he is often treated negatively. Therefore, the only way to improve the situation is collaboration approach meaning that boss has to motivate employees to share information and, furthermore, he has to introduce rewarding systems for skillful employees to show that he really respects their work. Other obstacles involve cultural differences, dreaming, flittering, judging, analyzing and many others. Understanding how to communicate emotions effectively will help to promote creating smoothly working project teams; responding to customers, clients, and markets; living and working in a culturally diverse world. Effective nonverbal communication skills are really important, because they will assist in better company’s performance either in domestic or international market. In a modern swiftly changing world people and cultures are circulating and interacting as at a really dizzying speed. Those people who know how to use emotions and how to communicate them effectively have a crucial advantage over others. Emotions are very important in group communications. The main benefits of communication emotions are that they replace verbal communications, complement verbal communication enhancing the message sent and express interpersonal attitudes, thoughts and feelings. The possible ways to improve communication of emotions are smile making the communication more pleasant, friendly and warm; trust and honesty in business relations; ability to help and assist others in resolving internal conflicts. References Collins, Susie. (2005). How To Dramatically Improve Communication in Your Relationship and Start Getting More of The Love You Really Want In Just One Evening. Retrieved January 8, 2007, from http://www.communication-magic.com/ Â   Â   Â   Â