Physics Ia

Investigating Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion using an Air-track Introduction: My experiment is investigating the Newton’s 2nd law of motion by using an Air-track. The air-track can make the trolley frictionless by testing the velocity with different weights and shows that F=ma. Research question: How much acceleration does the frictionless trolley has? Aim: Use the air track to measure the acceleration of the no friction trolley by hanging with different mass of weights. Apparatus: * 1 air track * Weights (40g, 50g, 60g, 70g, 80g, 90g, 100g) * 1 string (bigger than 200cm) (plastic) 1 frictionless trolley (160g) * 1 pair of scissors * 2 sensors * 2 clamps * 1 ruler * 2 light gates * 1 Pulley * 1 data logger Variables: Independent: the mass pulls down the frictionless trolley. Dependent: the time taken when the frictionless trolley travel through two light gates. Fix: the distance of the light gates and the height of the light gates. Uncertainties: The strength of the plastic string after pulling a lot of weights. Procedure: 1. Put two light gates 50 cm between each other, the lights gates hanging by the clamps. 2.Hang the string one side to the frictionless trolley and another side on the hook which for hanging the weights. 3. Put the string on the wheel. 4. Put the frictionless trolley on the air-track at the distance of 170 cm. 5. Hang 40 g weights on the hook. 6. The frictionless trolley move forwards by the weights. The light gates will automatically recording the speed of the trolley takes and record down the data on the data logger. 7. Repeat the lab 5 times and do with other weights 50g, 60g, 70g, 80g, 90g, 100g as the same procedure. Diagram: Out line (not to scale): How the air track works:Air track is a device use for study motion in low friction environment. The air pump out of the small holes on the track and that allows the trolley got lifted and frictionless. Data Table: Conclusion The newton’s second law is the rate of change of m omentum of a body is directly proportional to the unbalanced force acting on the body and takes place in same direction. It’s according to my lab that the trolley is moving in one direction. Also the graph shows the a curve which shows the change of momentum is directly proportional to the unbalanced force olley. acting on the t

Philippines: The National Achievement Test Essay

To assess and monitor the quality of basic education in the Philippines, achievement tests were administered to public schools both elementary and secondary. These achievement tests include National Achievement Test (NAT), Regional Achievement Test (RAT) and Division Achievement Test (DAT). Of these three achievements tests, the NAT is the main criterion of the school performance. Meanwhile, the RAT and DAT served as preparatory assessment procedures to be able the school to determine its readiness for the |NAT. The National Achievement Test (NAT) is a Philippine-made standardized test designed to determine pupils/students’ achievement level, strengths and weaknesses in five key curricular subject areas at the end of the school year. The NAT was developed to measure what pupils/students in grade three, grade six and fourth Year know and can do in five subject areas: Science, Mathematics, English, Filipino, and HeKaSi (Heograpiya, Kasaysayan at Sibika) in elementary and Araling Panlipunan in secondary level. Specifically, the test aims to: 1.) provide empirical information on the achievement level of pupils/students, to serve as guide for policy makers, administrators, curriculum planners , supervisors, principals and teachers in their respective courses of action 2.) identify and analyze variations on achievement levels across the years by region, division, school and other variables and 3.) determine the rate of improvement in basic education with respect to individual schools within certain time frames. Target clienteles of this achievement test are Grade 3 students of public schools, Grade 6 students both public and private schools (census) and Year 4 students both in public and private schools (census). It is composed of 310 items divided into learning areas such as Science, Mathematics, English, Filipino, Araling Panlipunan, plus critical thinking.

Banned and Censored Music

The discussion of whether or not the censorship of music is constitutionally sound has come about.   This problem has been around since the beginning of music in one way or another.   The fact of the matter is that there is technically no such thing as the censorship of music in the United States(Banned Music 1).   Although that is supposedly the case, that statement can be very misleading.   It is stated in the First Amendment of the United States   Constitution that every American is granted the Freedom Of Speech.   This includes all musicians.   Contrary to this statement, there has been a numerous amount of cases in which a song or music group has been banned of either their right to perform their act on stage, or the sale of their album has been condemned as   illegal.   The troubling fact about music censorship is that music is considered to be an art form, and there are certain laws set up to protect art from being censored. People should have the right to ch oose what type of music they want to listen to in this country. Plagiarism Detection >Censorship is the control of what people may say or hear, write or read, or see or do.   Censorship can affect books, newspapers, magazines, motion pictures, radio and television programs, and speeches.   (World Book 345)  Most of the early problems with the censorship of music came about in the early 1950s.   This was the first real era of rock and roll in America. In 1954 a Michigan Congresswoman tried to pass a bill that stated that the mailing of any explicit or pornographic album could lead to some hefty jail time, up to five years if convicted. When looking back, the 50s had some of the most laughable incidences when songs were banned.   There was a Billie Holiday song by the name of Love For Sale, none of the radio stations were allowed to play it because of its strong sexual content and its depiction of prostitution.   In even a funnier case there was a song by the name of Tran sfusion banned because it was felt that a blood transfusion was not a laughing matter.   Perhaps the most farcical form of censorship in the 50s came about in 1957 when Elvis Presley was scheduled to perform on the Ed Sullivan show.   Cameramen were instructed not to film any of Elviss lower body because his dancing was considered inappropriate for the viewing audience(Elvis To Ice-T 3). What is so offensive about that to have it censored from the public. Times have changed though, today we just sit back and laugh at that type of censorship.The 1960s brought about a new wave of censorship.   During the 1960s, popular music diversified, and so did the censors. Although the censorship supposedly diversified, the uncalled-for censorship of certain music continued.   In 1964 the state of Indiana banned the song Louie Louie because they felt that it had some sexual content in it.   But if you listen to the words it is obvious that sexual content is no where to be found. In 196 7, the Rolling Stones were forced to change the lyrics of a song in order to perform it on national television because, of course, it had sexual content.   The song was called Lets Spend The Night Together and they were forced to say Lets Spend Some Time Together. Later that decade John Lennon and Yoko Onos album Two Virgins featured a naked picture of the two.   These albums were confiscated before they even had a chance to hit the record stores.   There was one Chicago retailer shut down by the vice squad for carrying this album(The 1960s 1). A piece of art is destroyed if altered. What would Michael Angelos famous sculpture The Thinker be like if somebody carved clothes on to him.   it wouldnt be what he attended and therefore   the art piece would loose most of its significance.People often times do not get offended as easily as they use to. In the early 1990s an album released by Nirvana featured a naked baby on the cover.   There was very little controversy over t he cover and there was no ban of the record sale. Unlike the 1950s, the 60s proved to have a few more controversial topics. That goes to show how people change their views about morality as time passes.The 1970s proved to have just as many controversial cases about censorship, as the fifties and sixties.   In April of 1971 Officials in Illinois released a list of popular music that contained drug references.   The list included the popular childrens song Puff The Magic Dragon and the Beatles Yellow Submarine, (The 1970s 1) This is so absurd.   These officials must really have had a lot of time on their hands to sit around and turn around the words to these wonderful children songs. If somebody wanted they could depict violating thoughts or images out of many different forms of art.The censorship of music only increased as the years passed by. In 1981 Olivia Newton Johns song Physical was banned because it was believed to have strong sexual content and this was considered to b e more than inappropriate for the Mormon religion. 1985 brought about one of the most prominent groups to support censorship in music.   This group was the Parents Music Resource Group.   This group was headed by Tipper Gore.   This group was later named the Parents Music Resource Center.  Ã‚   The PMRCs primary focus was getting record companies to monitor and rate their artists releases with a system similar to the MPAA system for movies.   This group brought about some problems about two types of music, rap and heavy metal.   The PMRC hit them so hard that it became very hard to find a rap or heavy metal record in stores.   In order to get around this many record labels released two versions of the same album, one was the original album and the second one was an edited version.   The PMRC created a type of stickering system.   Under the sticker system if an album was believed to be inappropriate, a sticker would be placed on the album cover.   This sticker wou ld indicate that the album should not be purchased by anyone under the age of eighteen due to explicit lyrics or violent behavior.   This was a big step backwards for those who were against the censorship of music.   This stickering system did not include the censorship of pornography.   In 1987 a singer by the name of Jello Biafra was arrested for the distribution of pornography.   He had a picture of a naked lady on the cover and was found to be inappropriate for the public.   These albums were later seized and his band eventually broke up.(The 1980s 1) Pornography and prostitution are often times found to be legal   in America, but a persons constitutional right of speaking freely can be outlawed by the same government, that really doesnt make since!The 90s by is the most controversial decade as far as censorship goes. With all of the Knew and   diversified types of music there is sure to be differences in taste.   The widely known incident about the subject of banned music took place between the police in Dade County Florida and the rap group 2 Live Crew.   2 Live Crew released a very risquà © album by the name of Me So Horny   The record sale and distribution of this album were deemed illegal in Florida and Alabama just to name a couple of states.   2 Live Crew were also arrested in Florida at a concert.   The police claimed that the performance was too obscene for the general public.   This led to 2 Live Crews next album to be titled Banned In The USA.   Later on that year rapper Ice Ts album Freedom of Speech was banned.   Its lyrics were also considered to be too obscene.   (Music Censorship: Elvis to Ice-T 5) It seems that rap music is taking the fall for music censorship.   Public Enemy, another rap group, has recently been under some heat for a video and an album they just recently released.   The name of the album By the Time I Get to Arizona features a video in which it depicts the governor of Arizona as a Da vid Duke type of character.   Public Enemy claims that it is just trying to get its point across that it is wrong that the state of Arizona does not celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. Day(Loder, Censorship, A Town Meeting).   Evan Mecham, the former governor of Arizona had this to say about the matter, I could not understand how anyone could have the gall to market something like that and call it entertainment,(Gregory Lewis 1).   It should be added that Mecham was impeached for abolishing Martin Luther King Day as a national holiday.   So I guess that you could say that Public Enemy was trying to get a point across and they succeeded.In the mid 1990s many large chain stores took a major role in the sales of these so called obscene albums.   Such stores as Wal Mart and K Mart decided not to sale any records that proved to be obscene.   This meant that if a record label wanted to sell a lot of copies of an album, they would have to start making sure they were acceptable for the general public. Since the Wal- Marts and K -Marts were so big it would be really hard to sale a large quantity of the albums at record stores.      As you can see, censorship is a big part of the music industry these days.   Obviously censorship has been around for a while, but is it all that it is cracked up to be?There are many groups or coalitions who believe the answer to this question is no.   There is a group by the name of the Free Music Coalition, based out of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that is always fighting for the right of musicians.   They feel that the censorship of music is wrong and it is bad for the music community.   The Free Music Coalition has three basic goals: 1.   To educate the public about the seriousness of the threats we are facing.   Church groups, politicians, and the police have formed a network to censor music.   Fans need to understand this to effectively fight back.   2.   To organize a counter attack.   To be successful everyone must band together, only then will activities such as letter writing campaigns, petitions, boycotts and demonstrations produce results.   3.   Make censorship illegal.   The First Amendment is supposed to protect our freedom of expression, but lawmakers and police are able to twist the laws to stop ideas that they find dangerous or offensive.   What we need is a law that prohibits the censoring and labeling of records, books, arts, or films.   Only then can artists create without a cloud of fear hanging over them.   Only then can we enjoy the music we want to hear ( Fighting Censorship 1). Plagiarism Detection >The Free Music Coalition is against the censorship of music because censorship is unfair to musicians.   In a recent case in Michigan it wasnt a bands lyrics that got banned, it was one of their T-shirts.   A young boy went to school with the inscription Korn on his plain black shirt. He was asked to change the shirt, and if he didnt, he would be sus pended (Music Censorship: Elvis to Ice -T 12). This incident can be more rightly justified; the Offense Principle states that a person can be stopped from doing want he or she wants do if it is going to offend others(Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues 203). Everybody has a choice about what kind of music they want to listen to. My friend is big into rap music, and I am offended by the language used in it.   It is his choice to buy and to listen to it, and it is mine not to. Him buying it doesnt affect me, so there for it should be his right.   If nobody is affected   by a persons actions then it should be allowed.The First Amendment in the U.S. Constitution states pacifically that each person has the right to freedom of speech.    Congress shall make no law representing an   establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free   exercise there of; or abridging the freedom of speech,   or of the press; or of the right of the people living   peaceably to assemble, an d petition the government for   a redress of grievances.   If a person is not allowed to express themselves and their feelings vividly, then they are not being given the right that is rightfully theirs.    Artists have never had their drawings censored because they are inappropriate, and boxers dont get censored because their sport is too violent, so why should musicians?   Sure, some of the music out there is not appropriate for little kids to hear, but it is not the musicians responsibility to make sure youngsters do not hear it. So, for those people who believe the censorship of music is correct, maybe they should take their own advice and start censoring what they and their kids buy, and quit worrying about what others are buying. America is based on individual rights and individual differences.   Censoring the music in this country would go against everything America is all about. People should be able to choose want they want or dont want.

Are the German Banks Riskier than the European Competitors Essay

Are the German Banks Riskier than the European Competitors - Essay Example As the essay highlights there are a number of reasons why the German banks should be so eager to implement risk anti-risk policies. After the unification of East and West Germany, the banks in the united nation needed to win the trust and the faith in the minds of the people, so that they had to undertake some relevant and careful anti-risk policy measures. The policy measures have continued ever since; even a few days back, the Chairman of Deutsche Bank, Joseph Ackerman, had reportedly said that there would be a worldwide availability of German bank shares in order to minimize the risk elements present in the business. According to the report findings since the mean or the average values are irrelevant to the study and rather the standard deviations are the ones that are needed for the same, so further description of the ratios have been omitted. The objective is to find out the relative risk quotient of the variables corresponding to the German and other European banks. The one that is found to display a higher standard deviation of returns is considered to be the riskier one. In order to ensure that the study involves the banks which operate in the market at present, only the active banks or the ones which have been merged with other banks have been taken into account. In order to carry on with the above specified empirical analysis, data has been collected on all banks located within the Euro region. In addition, data for the German banks have been categorized separately, so as to carry on the comparison with that of their European counterparts.

The Effects of Change on an Organization, in Particular the Learners Essay

The Effects of Change on an Organization, in Particular the Learners Services Department and Sustainability of the Changes - Essay Example So once change is made in the Learners Services Department, it must be maintained for effective functioning. This change, together with it, brings pain and insecurities that force human beings or persons to come out of their comfort regions to regions of uncomfortable discussions, and this guides to resistance to change. Central Bedfordshire College ability to improve is acceptable. The new executive and principal teams of the college must have an apparent strategic vision to make changes. They involve every personnel in planning how this is executed so that proceedings impact positively on learners. How efficiently and competently the top leadership and management inside the organization address these matters or issues, and how well they get ready in handling the resistance will decide the confidence of the organization, and its achievement in executing change. The significance of good communication scheme and the role it plays in creating change processes soft and less painful, or sore by cannot be undermined. The appointment of the latest principal, managers, every governors and workers are completely involved in building up a mission which situates learning and learners at the centre of every the college work. Managers position and frequently examine realistic targets for development for every course. Managers work intimately with local companies to guarantee that the set of courses and modes and times of proviso meet local requirements. Management and Leadership are satisfactory in the college. Course groups work healthy collectively to support their learners with clear and shared focus on rising rate of success. Every course has their own challenging targets, but employees do not always completely own or recognize these... This essay stresses that the interview was conducted on April 2nd at 1.30 pm. The interviewee was Eamonn Egan, interim vice principal, curriculum and standards, and previously he was the head of learner services. The interview was done by Farrah Riaz. The duration of this interview was 17 mins 44 seconds. Many important questions were asked by the interviewer. Eamonn Egan answered the entire question clearly and appropriately. This paper makes a conclusion that the advantages are that they give the people in the department a sense of identity, and it brings together closer woring relationships. He said the new structure that is planned is to take responsibility of the development of the curriculum away from a small group of HODs and devolve it down to sixteen Learning Area Managers, so that those managers can be specialists in the curriculum areas because they are much smaller than the departments, and can take responsibility for the development of the curriculum. Emmons said there are some potential disadvantages also. For example, while the lines of responsibility are devolved to give curriculum responsibility to people nearer the ground as it were and to be specialists in fewer numbers of things and they develop themselves appropriately. It can potentially lead to a situation where nobody is in charge of something. A mission statement is just a platitude and what makes a good mission statement for me is one that contains words that express the values and feelings one wants the institute to have, and so ours is a poor mission statement in my mind.

In what way can we characterize inmate literature Essay

In what way can we characterize inmate literature - Essay Example Gallardo) written by inmates portrays feelings of prisoners. The question is how can we characterize inmate literature? Inmates use literature for many purposes. The most prominent use of literary work by prisoners is to communicate to their loved ones back at home. Open Line gives evidences of inmates communicating to their families back at home through pieces of literature. Frank Valdivia, an inmate, communicates to his two daughters. He says, â€Å"I lost everything I had and everything I loved when I came to prison. But the person I was didn’t deserve any of it. There are people outside this wall that love you or that you love. They deserve the best, so be your best. I’m finally doing my best and my two daughters Kayla and Alicia deserve it.† (Gallardo 58) He uses literature to assure his two daughters that he is doing his best to become a changed person. Inmates also use literary work in criticizing unfair judgments in courts, especially towards young crimin als who stand a better chance of rehabilitation. In Open Line, Charlie Spence indicates in his confession that underage criminals are not given a judgment as a juvenile but instead as adults. He says, â€Å"Had I been tried and convicted as a juvenile, I would have been given a better chance at rehabilitation and a second chance in society at the age of 25. I feel even more strongly now that I ever did back then, that trying juvenile offenders as adults and convicting them to life in prison is immoral.† (11) He feels that juvenile offenders should not be judged as adults, regardless of the magnitude of their crime, because they can easily be rehabilitated. Inmates value the fact that, despite their misconducts, there are people out there who still care so much about them and would rather they came back into the society after serving their terms in prison. Evidences cited from the book Open Line prove this statement. For instance, Michael Endres, a prisoner, receives a letter from his daughter who does not even know him because he has been in prison since she was an infant. He says, â€Å"When I realized who the letter was from, I was surprised and shocked. While reading it, the emotions kicked into gear, I was tickled to death to know that she wanted to know me, and I was sad for her cause she didn’t know how I would feel about hearing from her. She didn’t know that her letter caused my heart to truly smile.† (34) This is an indication that Michael’s daughter loves him despite the fact that she does not know him because he has been in prison for such a long time. In addition to the love and affection from those outside, inmates also value the welfare of others who are yet to be convicted for various crimes. It is important to note how Charlie Spence, an inmate, advocates for the rights of juveniles, even though he is in prison. He gives a strong argument against the conviction of juveniles as adults when they are sentenced fo r life imprisonment

CASE STUDY-CHIQUITA'S GLOBAL TURNAROUND Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

-CHIQUITA'S GLOBAL TURNAROUND - Case Study Example After experiencing huge losses through socially irresponsible practices and unfavorable tariffs, the company re-evaluated itself and decided to incorporate its corporate governance and corporate social responsibility initiatives globally. Chiquita further recognized the significance of being socially responsible as a means of gaining competitive edge in the market along with its pricing strategy. Therefore, it took on the Better Banana Project which allowed it to be environmentally responsible. In regards to labor practices, Chiquita accepting the importance of the support of its employees and its impact on the company’s image adopted the SA8000, the widely accepted international labor rights standards, in its code of conduct. The company also ensured the health and safety of workers by promising to fulfill the ILO conventions. Even though, Chiquita could have advertised its attempts at being socially responsible, it employed long-term marketing strategies such as viral marketing and third party testimonials to promote its products and efforts. Thus, all the above-mentioned efforts along with cutting costs and streamlining the local and worldwide operations have facilitated Chiquita in improving not only its financial performance, but its efficiency and the corporate image as well. Even though, the company has improved dramatically over the years, it still has to go a long way to accomplish a healthy and socially responsible corporate

Christian Responses to Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Christian Responses to Islam - Essay Example The spirit of human brotherhood under the all-encompassing divine fatherhood is much stressed in Islam and not hampered by the concepts of racialism or sectarianism, be it of linguistic, historic, and traditionalistic, to even dogmatic nature. The broadminded tolerance of Islam for Christianity recommends it to all lovers of liberty. Surely this is generous and fair in advance of the attitude of Christianity. A history of the Bible written by Fred Gladstone Bratton, published in the United States acknowledges the textual unreliability of the Bible. The writer also admits the possibility of changes and alterations that have been steadily introduced into the body of its text. He says: â€Å"There is a necessary and inevitable uncertainty about biblical studies owing to the very nature of the task. If the Bible had been written in English or if we had the original autographs of the Scripture, there would be no problem at all in the text. But this is unfortunately not the case† (p. 2) The history of the biblical text is shrouded in mystery and it has really flummoxed the Christian theologians and scholars: Then he refers to the frequency of changes made in the text. The changes are both capricious and consciously engineered: â€Å"The idea that the Bible is a book is comparatively modern. It is not one book but a library of sixty-six books, written by almost many authors during a period of one thousand years and on three continents† (p. 3).

The Role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Role - Essay Example Moreover, they discuss the broader sense of this term by writing about social capital and social activities (Adler and Goggin, 2005, pp. 239-240). As for Schlozman et al. (1999), these authors propose to analyze civic engagement through the three-argument framework, which includes its appearance as volunteering activity, as promotion of democracy, and as manifestation of community interests (p. 428). Due to this, it is reasonable to state that civic engagement is a broader concept than a community problem solving one. In this case, Adler and Goggin (2005) define community activities as a narrower appearance of civic engagement term on the axis resulting in political activities (p. 241). Even though this concept is hard to define, all of its manifestations include the reaction on certain social problems. Thus, it is possible to assume that civic engagement as a phenomenon appeared as one of the tools of problem solving within a social community. In this context, Adler and Goggin (2005 ) synthetize all the available definitions of the term in the statement, â€Å"Civic engagement describes how an active citizen participates in the life of a community in order to improve conditions for others or to help shape the community’s future† (p. 242). In short, the attempts to define the concept reveal the importance of community dimension in its essence. With the very appearance of civic engagement in practice, it is common to associate it with active volunteering position of the youth. In this case, it mostly appears in the context of reforms within higher education institutions (Adler and Goggin, 2005, p. 237). As the research conducted by Adler and Goggin (2005) has shown, the age of people involved in civic engagement as community problem solving is younger in average in contrast to its wider dimensions of electoral and political

Successful Leadership in Management Essay Example for Free

Successful Leadership in Management Essay Successful Leadership in Management = Training Scott Miller Principals of Management Abstract Although leadership and management are two different things, it takes both in order to be a truly good manager. Leadership is described as the process by which an individual exerts influence over other people and inspires, motivates, and directs their activities to help achieve group or organizational goals whereas management is described as the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of human and other resources to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively (Jones George, 2009). Maslow states that â€Å"To understand and motivate people, you must know human nature. † Human nature is the common qualities of all human beings. People behave according to certain principles of human nature (Mazlow, 1986). Managers, in general, have the ability to do one or the other of these things but a good manager will be able to do both successfully. According to Sam Allman, leadership changes the world and management maintains it (Allman, 2009). Sometimes it is not enough to simply manage to make a company succeed and a person can be a leader but they can fail without proper direction. Training is plays an important part for any manager because the more they learn the better they can do their job. Taking a look at both leadership and management may help to improve a manager’s skills and make them a better all around manager. According to Allman, leadership changes the world and management maintains it. Successful Leadership in Management = Training First, we take a good look at leadership, which is considered a critical management skill. A leader needs to be able to inspire their workers to achieve higher levels of teamwork. There are certain things that a leader must know and be able to do. These things do not always come naturally, but are acquired through continual work and study. Good leaders are continually working and studying to improve their leadership skills; they do not rest on their laurels. Unfortunately, according to an article by Bill Joiner, only about ten percent of managers have mastered the level of agility needed for consistently effective leadership in today’s world economy. The leadership reference guide that Mr. Joiner uses in his article shows four levels and three types of agility (Joiner, 2009). Although this is only one perspective of leadership, a lot of work and research was done to obtain the results shown. It suggests that there is still much training needed for about ninety percent of managers in the business community today. A good leader will know how to motivate their employees so that they can get the most out of them. Through positive reinforcement such as positive feedback, incentives, bonuses, or even company events a manager can improve employee morale and production greatly (Jones George, 2009). Since leadership is not always a natural thing for managers, it is important for most major companies to train them. Leadership training can be done through seminars, retreats, workshops, or even motivational speakers. Even those who are in the office and never deal with customers need to deal with co-workers or employees. Now we can take a look at the importance of good management. In every large organization, theres a hierarchy of management that keeps the whole operation running smoothly. As with leadership, there are certain things that a manager must know and be able to do. Management is also a skill that can be learned. Many managers learn their trade on the job. They work their way up the corporate ladder. A manager can be good at planning, organizing, and leading effectively but not efficiently or the other way around. Training sessions or going back to school, help the manager improve their skills so that they may do a better job for their company (Jones ; George, 2009). In my opinion, managers should be like children, always curious to learn something new. As the world of business changes the manager does also. One example of bad management was shown by Avon when their stocks plunged in 2006. At the same time we can show good management by the way that Andrea Jung took action to correct the problems and got Avon back on track (Jones ; George, 2009). Although a company can grow to worldwide proportions, there still needs to be strong management team in place to keep things going with all members around the globe focused on the same organizational goals. This case shows that no matter how large a ompany gets, it needs to train all of its managers to follow the same path toward the company’s overall goals or it could collapse. U. S. businesses now have too many leaders who are detached from the messy process of managing (Mintzberg, 2009). There are many ways to be a successful manager but it all starts and ends with training. Leaders may know how to lead but not know how to manage. The same goes for managers. They may now how to ma nage but have no idea how to lead. The key to great management is to find a balance of both skills. Every manager needs to learn to lead their employees properly to achieve the most efficient and effective organizational goals. Managers need to be able to adapt to any situation without alienating anyone or losing sight of the company’s goals. With more and more companies changing the way they do business it will benefit any manager to become a people person. For years, managers went in to work and barked out orders or directions but today they must have more finesse. They need to know how to act and speak with their employees so that they can get the most out of them. It is my opinion that the best way to do this is to keep the employee happy and that managers can improve their ability to empower others by focusing on their own personal development. These things can be accomplished effectively and efficiently through proper training. As Stanford University emeritus professor James G. March put it: Leadership involves plumbing as well as poetry. Instead of distinguishing leaders from managers, we should encourage all managers to be leaders (Mintzberg, 2009). References Jones, G. , ; George, J. 2009). Contemporary Management, SIXTH edition. Magraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, NY 2009. Allman, S. (October 2009). Leadership vs. Management, Retrieved December 11, 2009, from

The Spiral Life Cycle Model Information Technology Essay

The Spiral Life Cycle Model Information Technology Essay A spiral model is nothing but a system development life cycle model used in software development project management. Unlike the waterfall model which adopts a more linear approach, the spiral model combines elements of both design and prototyping in stages in an effort The concept and ideology of a spiral life cycle model came into existence in the mid 1980s and was introduced by an American software engineer, Barry Boehm. He penned down his thoughts on the model in his article A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement. Though, this model was not the first model to discuss iterative development; the spiral model proved to be an evident influence on introducing two other software development methodologies, the Model Based Architecture and Software Engineering (MBASE) and Extreme Programming. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/23272870/A-Presentation-On-Using-the-WinWin-Spiral-Model-A Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vj_pqDpLJQ0 spiral iterative development Spiral model The spiral model is a software development process combining elements of both design and prototyping-in-stages, in an effort to combine advantages of top-down and bottom-up concepts. Also known as the spiral lifecycle model (or spiral development), it is a systems development method (SDM) used in information technology (IT). This model of development combines the features of the prototyping model and the waterfall model. The spiral model is intended for large, expensive and complicated projects. History The spiral model was defined by Barry Boehm in his 1986 article A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement[1]. This model was not the first model to discuss iterative development. As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long. Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with the client (who may be internal) reviewing the progress thus far. Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project. Steps The steps in the spiral model iteration can be generalized as follows: The system requirements are defined in as much detail as possible. This usually involves interviewing a number of users representing all the external or internal users and other aspects of the existing system. A preliminary design is created for the new system. This phase is the most important part of Spiral Model. In this phase all possible (and available) alternatives, which can help in developing a cost effective project are analyzed and strategies to use them are decided. This phase has been added specially in order to identify and resolve all the possible risks in the project development. If risks indicate any kind of uncertainty in requirements, prototyping may be used to proceed with the available data and find out possible solution in order to deal with the potential changes in the requirements. A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final product. A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure: evaluating the first prototype in terms of its strengths, weaknesses, and risks; defining the requirements of the second prototype; planning and designing the second prototype; Constructing and testing the second prototype. Applications The spiral model is mostly used in large projects. For smaller projects, the concept of agile software development is becoming a viable alternative. The US military had adopted the spiral model for its Future Combat Systems program. The FCS project was canceled after six years (2003-2009), it had a two year iteration (spiral). The FCS should have resulted in three consecutive prototypes (one prototype per spiral-every two years). It was canceled in May 2009. The spiral model thus may suit small (up to $3 million) software applications and not a complicated ($3 billion) distributed, interoperable, system of systems. Also it is reasonable to use the spiral model in projects where business goals are unstable but the architecture must be realized well enough to provide high loading and stress ability. For example, the Spiral Architecture Driven Development is the spiral based SDLC which shows the possible way how to reduce a risk of non-effective architecture with the help of spiral model in conjunction with the best practices from other models. Spiral Model History The spiral model was defined by Barry Boehm in his 1988 article A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement. This model was not the first model to discuss iterative development, but it was the first model to explain why the iteration matters. As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long. Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with the client (who may be internal) reviewing the progress thus far. Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project. The Spiral Model The spiral model, also known as the spiral lifecycle model, is a systems development method (SDM) used in information technology (IT). This model of development combines the features of the prototyping model and the waterfall model. Thespiral model is intended for large, expensive, and complicated projects. The steps in the spiral model can be generalized as follows: The new system requirements are defined in as much detail as possible. This usually involves interviewing a number of users representing all the external or internal users and other aspects of the existing system. A preliminary design is created for the new system. A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final product. A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure: (1) evaluating the first prototype in terms of its strengths, weaknesses, and risks; (2) defining the requirements of the second prototype; (3) planning and designing the second prototype; (4) constructing and testing the second prototype. At the customers option, the entire project can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great. Risk factors might involve development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or any other factor that could, in thecustomers judgment, result in a less-than-satisfactory final product. The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype, and, if necessary, another prototype is developed from it according to the fourfold procedure outlined above. The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that the refined prototype represents the final product desired. The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype. The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is carried out on a continuing basis to prevent large-scale failures and to minimize downtime. Applications For a typical shrink-wrap application, the spiral model might mean that you have a rough-cut of user elements (without the polished / pretty graphics) as an operable application, add features in phases, and, at some point, add the final graphics. The spiral model is used most often in large projects. For smaller projects, the concept of agile software development is becoming a viable alternative. The US military has adopted the spiral model for its Future Combat Systems program. Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Estimates (i.e. budget, schedule, etc.) become more realistic as work progresses, because important issues are discovered earlier. It is more able to cope with the (nearly inevitable) changes that software development generally entails. Software engineers (who can get restless with protracted design processes) can get their hands in and start working on a project earlier. Disadvantages Highly customized limiting re-usability Applied differently for each application Risk of not meeting budget or schedule Risk of not meeting budget or schedule Spiral Model The spiral model is the most generic of the models. Most life cycle models can be derived as special cases of the spiral model. The spiral uses a risk management approach to software development. Some advantages of the spiral model are: defers elaboration of low risk software elements incorporates prototyping as a risk reduction strategy gives an early focus to reusable software accommodates life-cycle evolution, growth, and requirement changes incorporates software quality objectives into the product focus on early error detection and design flaws sets completion criteria for each project activity to answer the question: How much is enough? uses identical approaches for development and maintenance can be used for hardware-software system development

Valedictorian Speech :: essays research papers

First of all I would like to congratulate my fellow classmates Hello my name is Sarah and I am very proud to say I am valedictorian of this program. When I first started classes at this college I was afraid I wasn’t even going to pass let alone be standing here today. It had been a long time since I sat in a class room. I thought I was too old to go back to school. But I was wrong. Coming to this school has been one of the most fulfilling decisions I have made in my life. When I am at home watching tv and a commercial for this college comes on my 4 year old will start yelling that my momma’s college with a big smile on his face it makes me feel proud to be a part of this class. These past eight months have been tough. Especially for those of us with children who know its not easy to do our homework when our kids are trying to color in our text books. Or study for a test when the baby is crying. at first I felt a guilty, not having any time to spend my son. But I just kept remembering the banner we have over the stair case on our campus. It says sacrifice is temporary but I will be a college graduate forever. As I stand up here today and all my hard work has paid of I know my children and my family are so proud of me. As I am sure all of you are as proud of all your graduates standing up here today. I would like to thank you all for giving us the ext ra help, support and understanding we have needed to succeed these past eight months. I would like to thank my teacher Mr. S, for making my learning experience at this school a fun and exciting one. Even thought at times it seamed like he thought we were marines instead of student, Never the less he is just a great teacher I would like to take the time to thank my in-laws for letting me use their car to get to class when mine broke down.My other half for being so helpful with the kids when I had homework or a test to study for.

Amerigo Vespucci :: essays research papers

AMERIGO VESPUCCI (or VESPUCIO) (ves-puteh'-ee), Italian navigator, born in Florence, Italy, 9 March, 1451; died in Seville, Spain, 22 Feb., 1512. He was of a wealthy family of merchants, and received his education from his uncle, Giorgi Antonio Vespucci, a Dominican friar, a friend and colleague of Savonarola. He engaged in business, first in Florence and afterward in Seville, where he met Columbus, perhaps as early as 1493, and where in 1497 he equipped the fleet with which that navigator sailed on his third voyage. He had previously, in 1496, had charge of fitting out a fleet for the Spanish government. Amerigo sailed from Spain in 1499 in an expedition that visited the neighborhood of Cape Paria and several hundred miles of coast, and returned in June, 1500. In May, 1501, he entered the service of Emanuel, of Portugal, and participated in an expedition that visited the coast of. Brazil. hi May, 1503, he commanded a caravel in a squadron that sailed for the discovery of Malacca, but parted company from the rest, and finally made his way to the coast of Brazil, where he discovered the bay of All Saints, remained there two months, then ran 260 leagues farther south, where he built a fort, somewhere near Cape Frio, and, leaving a colony there, returned to Lisbon in June, 1504. Early in 1505 he obtained from King Ferdinand of Spain letters of naturalization, and on 22 March, 1508, was appointed pilot-major of the kingdom, an office that he held until his death, taking charge of the preparation of a general description of coasts and accounts of new discoveries, and also superintending the construction of charts and the examination of pilots. The controversy as to whether Vespucci took precedence both of the (Jabots and of Columbus in the discovery of the mainland of America has been for centuries a matter of dispute. None of the original letters of Amerigo bearing on the subject are extant, except in translations, and these differ greatly among themselves and contain inconsistencies of fact and date. It is not even known in what language the letters were written. An account by Amerigo of his voyage of 1499, said to have been written 18 July, 1500, was published by Bandini in 1745. A letter of his to Lorenzo Piero de Medici, a cousin of Lorenzo the Magnificent, describing the voyage of 1501, was published in various editions, some in Latin, others in German, and in 1789 a new text, in Italian, was discovered by Bartolozzi.

Daycare and Separation Anxiety: A Brief Overview Essay examples -- Chi

Numerous advances led to Sigmund Freud’s inspirational Stages of Psychosexual Development, and it was Freud that introduced a clear theory explaining the process by which infants develop into adults. The transition from the Oral, Anal and Phallic stages begins to help us understand some of the processes that might lead to understanding attachment issues. Freud argued that humans are born â€Å"polymorphously perverse,† the idea that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure. While relief from stress observed in a child might be interpreted as simply the absence of emotional pain, on a deeper level, re-attachment and physical closeness to a caregiver after prolonged separation should result in a pleasurable experience. Setting aside for the moment the sexual aspects of Freud’s theory, the basis of his premise remains one of the human connection that is gained through some form of physical contact, be it obtained from others or themselves. (Stevenson , 2001) In the early 1950s, Harry Harlow’s famous study of rhesus monkeys to determine attachment relationships demonstrated that infant rhesus monkeys raised in isolation, preferred the comfort of a cloth-covered surrogate mother to that of a wire-mesh surrogate with an attached feeding bottle. Harlow wished to dispute the traditional view that affection and mother–infant attachment was based on food, and his experiments had clearly demonstrated that the foundations of attachment were not associated solely with the need for nourishment. A more important facet of human nature was that the profoundly meaningful act of physical intimacy plays a greater role in the health of an infant than nourishment alone. (Vicedo 2009) However, Harlow was also breaking ground toward unders... ...ence of these children and their remarkable ability to positively adapt in the face of adversity, and although there are a number of unanswered questions in connection to the biological, cognitive, and social processes that are experienced throughout childhood, it is encouraging to know that with further study, this resiliency might be encouraged in the daycare setting. (Degnan & Fox, 2007) This paper is but a brief overview of this topic and a great deal more research not included in this paper has been devoted to the biopsychosocial influences of genetic predisposition, parents, daycare providers, the daycare environment, and the many other factors that effect children that attend daycare. However, it’s encouraging to know that progress is being made in the development of a safe, healthy, and nurturing environment for our children at this most vulnerable age. Daycare and Separation Anxiety: A Brief Overview Essay examples -- Chi Numerous advances led to Sigmund Freud’s inspirational Stages of Psychosexual Development, and it was Freud that introduced a clear theory explaining the process by which infants develop into adults. The transition from the Oral, Anal and Phallic stages begins to help us understand some of the processes that might lead to understanding attachment issues. Freud argued that humans are born â€Å"polymorphously perverse,† the idea that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure. While relief from stress observed in a child might be interpreted as simply the absence of emotional pain, on a deeper level, re-attachment and physical closeness to a caregiver after prolonged separation should result in a pleasurable experience. Setting aside for the moment the sexual aspects of Freud’s theory, the basis of his premise remains one of the human connection that is gained through some form of physical contact, be it obtained from others or themselves. (Stevenson , 2001) In the early 1950s, Harry Harlow’s famous study of rhesus monkeys to determine attachment relationships demonstrated that infant rhesus monkeys raised in isolation, preferred the comfort of a cloth-covered surrogate mother to that of a wire-mesh surrogate with an attached feeding bottle. Harlow wished to dispute the traditional view that affection and mother–infant attachment was based on food, and his experiments had clearly demonstrated that the foundations of attachment were not associated solely with the need for nourishment. A more important facet of human nature was that the profoundly meaningful act of physical intimacy plays a greater role in the health of an infant than nourishment alone. (Vicedo 2009) However, Harlow was also breaking ground toward unders... ...ence of these children and their remarkable ability to positively adapt in the face of adversity, and although there are a number of unanswered questions in connection to the biological, cognitive, and social processes that are experienced throughout childhood, it is encouraging to know that with further study, this resiliency might be encouraged in the daycare setting. (Degnan & Fox, 2007) This paper is but a brief overview of this topic and a great deal more research not included in this paper has been devoted to the biopsychosocial influences of genetic predisposition, parents, daycare providers, the daycare environment, and the many other factors that effect children that attend daycare. However, it’s encouraging to know that progress is being made in the development of a safe, healthy, and nurturing environment for our children at this most vulnerable age.

James Baldwin vs George Orwell Essay

Both James Baldwin and George Orwell are interested in understanding language as a political instrument. In his essay â€Å"If Black Isn’t a Language, Than Tell Me What Is†, James Baldwin attempts to legitimize Black English as a unique language. He argues that Black English is a valid language because of the role it plays in the lives of Black Americans. It serves as a means for blacks to control their own circumstances, define themselves, and obtain power. Baldwin justifies Black English by applying George Orwell’s argument that language is a political instrument means and proof of power to the Black experience. Baldwin argues, validates and makes language authentic. Both George Orwell and James Baldwin express their opinion that language is directly related to who a person is. They also both state that language is a political instrument and that it is filled with word play. In â€Å"Politics and the English Language† George Orwell states that political writings are characterized by vagueness and incompetence. People rely on metaphors that have lost their meaning and are only used because the writer cannot create his own phrases. Authors no longer think of a concrete object and choose words to describe it. Orwell believed the best fix for the English language was for everyone to be aware of ready-made words and phrases, and instead use simpler words to get your meaning across to the reader. In Orwell’s opinion language is an instrument that reflects culture and evolves as culture declines, while in Baldwin’s view language emerges to fit a socialtal need. It is the connection or â€Å"disconnection† within people.

If this is a Man, by Primo Levi Essay

 « Mais l’Allemand comprit, et parla d’un ton grave à   l’interprà ¨te en indiquant quelqu’un ; alors nous avons vu l’interprà ¨te avaler sa salive, puis il dit :  « L’adjudant vous demande d’à ´ter votre bandage, on vous donnera celui de M. Coen.  » Ces mots-là   avaient à ©tà © prononcà ©s d’un ton amer, c’à ©taient le genre d’humour qui plaisait à   l’Allemand.  » (P28) This passage is from the book written by Primo Levi, If this is a Man. Primo Levi was an Italian Jewish who had been deported to a concentration camp and then to a forced-labor camp near Auschwitz. He writes this book to show people from other religion and even people in general who didn’t know what was really going one, and tell the truth about those camps. In this book, Primo Levi talks about the ghastly conditions in which prisoners were living in and the atrocious treatment they suffered from. Unfortunately, Primo Levi was only one man in the middle of millions of other people who suffered from this racial policy. Even if they just arrived the deportees with whom Primo Levi was with, they assisted at the humiliation of one of them; in despite of the serious tone of the German, we can see that humiliating people is one of the jokes the Germans like. Or maybe, conversely, not all the Germans were approving this humiliation technique because he didn’t laugh at all when he said the ‘joke’, he didn’t even smile or look satisfied. But it is more likely that he was just trying to humiliate them, like he maybe did with lots of others prisoners before and after them. The fact that the German says to M. Bergmann, who had to wear a truss, that he had to remove it and take the one of M. Cohen rather come from mistreatment than other thing. This was one way the Germans felt that they had all the powers, that they would have been able to do everything, and humiliating Jewish was one of those things, to feel powerful and to take advantage of it. This can be a result of the end of World War I where the Germans had been humiliated to death, and they wanted a revenge and the Jewish where only a punchbag. The mistreatment and the humiliation add to the reality of this extract, the fact that Germans who hated Jewish humiliate and mistreat them was more likely to happen. The truss history is probably unique or it may have happen a few times but it’s not something people get easily. I think that it really happened and that, and even if it did not take place, there is a good probability that an event like this one really take place. This passage is typical for the mentality of the Germans, the way that they operate before with the concentration camp and the extermination camp but it is exceptional in the way that even if they make the Jews become like beasts the Germans are still trying to humiliate them a maximum and used everything from them, from their energy to their hair. [pic] Second Gobbet  « Et mà ªme si Null Achtzehn n’est pas particulià ¨rement à ©prouvà © physiquement, personne ne veut travailler avec lui. Car tout lui est à   ce point indiffà ©rent qu’il ne se soucie mà ªme plus d’à ©viter la fatigue et les coups, ni de chercher de quoi manger. Il exà ©cute tous les ordres qu’on lui donne, et il est fort probable que lorsqu’on l’enverra à   la mort, il ira avec la mà ªme indiffà ©rence.  » (P60) This passage is from the book written by Primo Levi, If this is a Man. Primo Levi was an Italian Jewish who had been deported to a concentration camp and then to a forced-labor camp near Auschwitz. He writes this book to show people from other religion and even people in general who didn’t know what was really going one, and tell the truth about those camps. In this book, Primo Levi talks about the ghastly conditions in which prisoners were living in and the atrocious treatment they suffered from. Unfortunately, Primo Levi was only one man in the middle of millions of other people who suffered from this racial policy. Null Achtzehn was a young boy when he first entered in the camp; normally children and adolescent don’t survive in camps because they are a too big threat for the Germans. In his case, the Germans make him become like a machine, he’s indifferent to everything around him, and he’s like the perfect prisoner they want everyone to be, only doing what you are ordered to do, always obeying to what they said, like if he wasn’t human anymore. The fact that he didn’t care about being tired or beaten add to the similarity between Null Achtzehn and a machine or moreover a zombie. No one in the camp wanted to work with him because they didn’t want to be affected and become like him, to become no one. Working with him could have made other prisoners give up on all their efforts to keep their humanity and to survive through all of this. A step to keep their humanity was too keep their names, trying to remember who they were. Null Achtzehn lost his humanity when people began to call him ‘Null Achtzehn’ which are the numbers zero and eighteen in German; they are the last numbers of his tattoo. It is a strange thing that the Germans let a young boy stay alive in a camp. Hitler was thinking that children could be a harm for them because, when they grow up, they could rebel against the German government. The Nazis assassinated 1.5 millions of children, in total. For them, they were only eating food for nothing because they were too young to work but exceptions can happen sometimes so it is no impossible that Null Achtzehn was young when he first came in the camp, and having no family or tutor to guide him may have help his transition into a machine and a number. This passage is exceptional, it is a really strange thing that the Germans let this child alive even if he has nothing human left inside him; maybe they saw no more harm in him anymore. http://www.lettres.ac-versailles.fr/spip.php?article468 http://craunkids.pbworks.com/w/page/23522934/Who%20did%20Hitler%20kill%20and%20why Third Gobbet  « Chacun de nous sort nu du Tagesraum dans l’air froid d’octobre, franchit au pas de course sous les yeux des trois hommes les quelques pas qui sà ©parent les deux portes, remet sa fiche au SS et rentre par la porte du dortoir. Le SS, pendant la fraction de seconde qui s’à ©coule entre un passage et l’autre, dà ©cide du sort de chacun en nous jetant un coup d’oeil de face et de dos, et passe la fiche à   l’homme de droite ou à   celui de gauche : ce qui signifie pour chacun de nous la vie ou la mort. Une baraque de deux cents hommes est  « faite  » en trois ou quatre minutes, et un camp entier de douze mille hommes en un aprà ¨s-midi. Moi, comprimà © dans l’amas de chair vivante, j’ai senti peu à   peu la pression se relà ¢cher de moi, et rapidement mon tour est venu. Comme les autres, je suis passà © d’un pas souple à ©nergique, en cherchant à   tenir la tà ªte haute, la poitrine bombà ©e et les muscles tendus et saillants. Du coin de l’œil, j’ai essayà © de regarder par-dessus mon à ©paule et il m’a semblà © voir ma fiche passer à   droite. Au fur et à   mesure que nous rentrons dans le dortoir, nous pouvons nous rhabiller. Personne ne connaà ®t encore avec certitude son propre destin, avant tout il faut savoir si les fiches condamnà ©es sont celles de droite ou de gauche. Dà ©sormais ce n’est plus la peine de se mà ©nager les uns les autres ou d’avoir des scrupules superstitieux. Tout le monde se prà ©cipite autour des plus vieux, des plus dà ©crà ©pits, des plus  « musulmans  » : si leurs fiches sont allà ©es à   gauche, on peut à ªtre sà »r que la gauche est le cà ´tà © des condamnà ©s.  » (P199-200) This passage is from the book written by Primo Levi, If this is a Man. Primo Levi was an Italian Jewish who had been deported to a concentration camp and then to a forced-labor camp near Auschwitz. He writes this book to show people from other religion and even people in general who didn’t know what was really going one, and tell the truth about those camps. In this book, Primo Levi talks about the ghastly conditions in which prisoners were living in and the atrocious treatment they suffered from. Unfortunately, Primo Levi was only one man in the middle of millions of other people who suffered from this racial policy. In the camp, you live in atrocious conditions, you’re undernourished, you have to work until you die of exhaustion and your life is controlled by men who can decide at any time if you will live or die. This is what happens in the passage, a SS just take the cards of the prisoners who are naked outside and just choose the ones who can continue to work or not; the ones who will survive in the camp or not. It was a terrible emotional ordeal for the prisoners, because they have one chance on two to survive, or they’ll die; all of it depends if the SS put their cards to the left or to the right but after the trick is to know which one of these stacks will die. The way the SS choose is not only because they like the prisoner or not but mostly on his capacity to work or not. This is how a life of a deported looked like in a forced-labored camp: you wake up every morning in a little bed that you’re sharing with someone you don’t even know in the middle of two hundred other men then, you go to work for the day – of course, during the day, you have meals but only in small quantities – then you come back to your ‘Block’ and you get back to bed with the stranger. And you repeat that until you are too tired or you get ill that you can’t work anymore and then you’ll be exterminate. This entire act is only to use the Jewish, make them work to death and then kill them and sometimes they play with them, like in this passage. This passage is more likely to have taken place because we often heard about the well-organization of the Germans. And the SS wasn’t completely taking cards and just saying that this person should die or not because he likes them or not, he was looking at if they were in good shape to work or not. I’m sure this passage had really happen, it coordinates perfectly with their mentality and how they acted before with the Jewish. We always heard that the Jewish were mistreated and this confirmed that they were taken as beasts. This extract was typical for the German’s way of thinking but exceptional for us to imagine that we let people do that to other human just on the pretext that their blood weren’t ‘pure’.

Law Case Study Essay

QUESTION On 1 October, Buyer saw a courier van with a FOR SALE sign that included a telephone number and a price of â€Å"$25,000 cash.† That night, Buyer called Seller. Buyer explained that he would have to borrow the money but could get it next week. Seller provided his address to Buyer and told Buyer, â€Å"If you want the van, mail me a cheque for $5000. Pay the balance by1 November.† Later that day, Buyer mailed Seller a $5000 cheque. The next night, at Buyer’s 18th birthday party, Buyer discussed the deal with Investor. After buying the van, Buyer planned to start a document courier service, and he had spent $1200 on business cards, flyers and a cellular phone. Buyer projected a profit of $50,000 in the first year. Investor was impressed with Buyer’s plans and agreed to loan Buyer $20,000 to buy the van. On 25 October, Buyer called Seller to pick up the van. Seller refused and said someone had offered him $35,000 for the van. Seller had not cashed Buyer’s cheque as yet. Seller offered to deposit the cheque and give him the van if Buyer would pay Seller $20,000 now plus $400 a month for 25 months. Buyer laughed and said, â€Å"Yeah, right.† But without a van, Buyer would not be able to start his courier service. Investor wants to hire you to give Buyer legal advice. Prepare a memorandum addressing the following matters in detail, and including relevant case law to support your arguments: What are Buyer’s potential claims against Seller? What are Seller’s potential defences? Who is likely to prevail in the event this case goes to court? Assume Buyer prevails in his lawsuit against Seller. What damages is Buyer likely to receive from the court? SUMMARY AND RELEVANT FACTS In this case Buyer is plaintiff whereas Seller is defendant. October 1: Buyer saw courier van FOR SALE with a telephone number at the price of  $25000. Buyer called seller later at night and told him that he could borrow money by next week. Seller demanded $5000 by cheque and to pay remaining by November 1. Buyer mailed the cheque. October 2: Buyer became a major. Buyer spent $1200 on courier service advertisement. Investor loaned buyer $20,000. October 25: Seller refused as he had gotten a better offer of $35,000.Seller offered to deposit the buyer’s un-cashed cheque on conditions for the buyer to pay $20,000 for van + $400 for the next 25 months. Buyer refused his new offer. ISSUE(S) The main issue is this scenario is whether it is a valid contract or not. If yes, then what are the rights and damages available to buyer on breach of contract by seller? The following sections of Australian contract law should be satisfied in order to make this contract valid. (see below) These elements need to be explored to determine whether it is applicable. RULE/ RELEVANT LAWS All the agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of the parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object and are not expressly declared to be void. The person making the offer is known as the offerer, proposer, or promisor and the person to whom it is made is called the offeree or proposee. When the offeree accepts the offer, he is called the acceptor or promise. When at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing , or promise to do or to abstain from doing something, such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise. Every person is competent to contract if he  is an age of majority, Is a sound mind, And is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. APPLICATION A contract is formed valid if there is an offer, acceptance and consideration. FORMATION OF THE VALID CONTRACT OFFER VS. INVITATION TO OFFER There are some kinds of activities which appear to be making offer but legally are not, for instance, distributing broachers and circulars, display of goods for sale and advertising. So the seller could raise the point that he didn’t make an offer. He only made an invitation to make an offer. Partridge vs. Crittenden [1968][1] The FOR SALE sign would not considered as an offer since it is an invitation to make an offer. In this case, buyer made an offer by calling the seller. ACCEPTANCE For making a valid contract following elements should be essential: offer, acceptance and intention/consideration (Graw, S. (2002). An introduction to the law of contract. (4th ed) chapter 2, page 94). Buyer made an offer to the seller but was unable to enter into a contract since he did not have money until the next week. But the seller shows a manifestation of an intention that he wanted to accept his offer. Seller made a counter offer by asking buyer to send him $5000 on the same day by cheque through post and the rest of amount until November 1. The postal rule of acceptance is applied. In this scenario, buyer accepted the offer when he mailed the $5000 the next day because this way seller wanted the acceptance. A valid contract is formed which is irrevocable until November 1. [Routledge v. Grant, (1828) 4 Bing. 653] [2] INTENTION AND CONSIDERATION For the agreement to be viewed as a contract, it must either be supported by consideration or be a formal contract. This is the third essential element required to form a valid contract. (M.L Barron, fundamental of business law, chapter 7, page 207) The consideration is this case is $5000 from the promisor to the promisee to keep the option open [Currie vs. Misa 918750 L.R. 10 ex.153][3]. CAACITY OF PARTIES The buyer was minor at the formation of contract October 1. This could be the seller defends against the buyer that he was a minor at that time and the agreement is ab initio since the consideration would not counted. According to the Australian Consumer Law some people are under a disability when it comes to making contracts (e.g. minors); their capacity to contract is restricted. (M.L Barron, fundamental of business law, chapter 7, page  193). Consideration which passed under the earlier contract cannot be implied into a contract which the minor enters on attaining majority. Thus, the consideration given during the minority is no consideration. If it is necessary a fresh contract may be entered into by the minor on attaining majority provided it is supported by fresh consideration. [Lesile V. Shiell, (1914) 3 K. B. 607][4]. The completion of agreement was November 1 and buyer turned into a major on October 2. And both the parties were agreed till October 24. Seller could not accu se that the contract is ab-initio because they have mutual consideration till October 24. It makes the contract voidable at the option of buyer not the seller at the time since the seller is unaware of the fact that he is a minor. But in the completion period buyer becomes a major. Therefore, seller cannot terminate the contract on basis of that. There is a valid consideration from both of the parties- from buyer that he will pay him until November 1 and sellers agreed on it. The contract becomes irrevocable. In spite of whether seller sending the cheque back, or didn’t cash the cheque. He can argue that he didn’t accept it. But the acceptance is made at the time when he received the cheque. If it is a valid contract and someone does not perform it on their part of bargain. In other words, he is repudiating it, and then the words must be certain. When buyer calls the seller he rejected to sell his van. But buyer has an option available to purchase it until November 1. Seller can argue that there wasn’t a proper contract it was preliminary negotiations . He can argue that he made a counter offer. If the case goes to the court buyer will prevail the law suit. Damages available to buyer  Breaches of contract are normally remedied by an award of â€Å"damages†- an amount of money that is paid as compensation, fairly and reasonably considered to arise naturally from the breach itself. It is reasonably supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties at the time they made the contract, as the probable result of the breach (Gillies, P. (2004). Business law. (12th Ed.) Chapter 8, page 325). If the court gives decision in favour of buyer and it concludes that the contract is valid. Then buyer can sue the seller and immediately return of his $5000 cheque and for any actual, consequential and special damages [Hadley vs. Baxendale][5]. In  order to obtain consequential damages seller must have known about the losses that are caused by his breach. Buyer will argue that he has lost $1200 on cards, flyers and cell phone call as well as $50,000 that he can generate annually from that van. Seller could argue that buyer is not entitled for these damages since there is nothing mention in the contract retaining to these loses. The court will favour seller over here since it is not a unique van that buyer cannot do the business without it. When a contract has been broken, the injured party can recover from the other party such damages as naturally and directly arose in the usual course of things from the breach. This means that the damages must be the proximate consequence of the breach of contract. These damages are known as ordinary and/ or actual damages. Buyer can sue for actual damages, which would be the difference in price of the van and the comparable prevailing price in market. He can also obtain the special damages which would be costs curtailing from the breach like wastage of time and money from searching a new one. CONCLUSION Seller made an inviting gesture for an offer for his good. Buyer made an offer by calling the seller for his good; however he could not enter the contract for lack of money. Seller made a counter offer by asking for a mailed $5000 cheque. Buyer accepted the offer and therefore got into contract. The contract was made on the 2nd of October, one day before the buyer became a major, and was standing until the 1st of November, before which the seller backed out of the contract at the 25th of October. Seller may argue that the contract was not ab initio as the buyer was a minor at the time of contract. However, the buyer may argue that since the seller agreed to the contract, by accepting the mailed cheque, after the buyer was a major the contract is not ab initio and in fact does exist. In case the case goes to court the buyer will prevail in the law suit as the injured party. REFERENCES TEXT BOOK (Graw, S. (2002). An introduction to the law of contract. (4th ed) chapter 2, page 94) (M.L BARRON, fundamental of business law, chapter 7, page 207) (M.L Barron, fundamental of business law, chapter 7, page 193) (Gillies, P. (2004). Business law. (12th Ed.) Chapter 8, page 325) Gibson, A. and Fraser, D, (2007). Business law (3rd ed.) Chapter 7, page 293 CASES Partridge vs. Crittenden [1968][1] Partridge v Crittenden was a landmark 1968 British Court ruling that set legal precedent in that country. The case focused on the nature of advertisements in regard to the obligation of those who post them. Specifically, this case involved the sale of a bird, which the buyer, Crittenden, claimed was misrepresented in the ad. While Partridge initially lost the case, he later won on appeal. The significance of this ruling relates not to the sale of birds in particular, but whether an ad is an offer for sale or an ‘invitation to treat. [Routledge v. Grant, (1828) 4 Bing. 653] [2] Defendant (D) offered to buy plaintiff’s (P) house for a specific price with a definite answer to be given within six weeks. D was not bound to keep the offer open Best CJ if six weeks are given on one side to accept an offer, the other has six weeks to put an end to it. One party cannot be bound without the other. Currie vs. Misa [1875] L.R. 10 ex.153][3] Even relatively trivial things can be sufficient consideration e.g. chocolate wrappers but a promise not to bore someone cannot, because it has no value. [Lesile V. Shiell, (1914) 3 K. B. 607][4]. Defendant obtained loans from plaintiff by fraudulently misrepresenting that he was of full age at the time of contract. Defendant sued him to recover the money. [Hadley vs. Baxendale][5] A shaft in Hadley’s (P) mill broke rendering the mill inoperable. Hadley hired Baxendale (D) to transport the broken mill shaft to an engineer in Greenwich so that he could make a duplicate. Hadley told Baxendale that the shaft must be sent immediately and Baxendale promised to deliver it the next day. Baxendale did not know that the mill would be inoperable until the new shaft arrived. Baxendale was negligent and did not transport the shaft as  promised, causing the mill to remain shut down for an additional five days. Hadley had paid 2 pounds four shillings to ship the shaft and sued for 300 pounds in damages due to lost profits and wages. The jury awarded Hadley 25 pounds beyond the amount already paid to the court and Baxendale appealed.

Anatomy and Physiology Essay

The primary goal of this lab is to learn the names of many blood vessels. You will use the models provided as well as pictures in your lab book. Microscopic Structure of Blood Vessels Tunica intima: lines the lumen of the blood vessel. Continuous with endocardium of heart. Is extremely smooth to decrease resistance to blood flow. (Made of epithelium) Tunica media: More bulky middle coat. Composed of smooth muscle and elastin. Regulation in the diameter of blood vessels, which alters peripheral resistance and blood pressure. Tunica externa (adventitia): Outermost tunic. Function is primarily supportive and protective (areolar and fibrous CT) Picture Generalized Structure of Arteries, Veins and Capillaries Types of Blood Vessels Elastic arteries: Contain much elastic tissue Larger arteries closer to the heart Must expand when heart pumps much blood into them and then passively recoil after blood passes by. Thus, must withstand pressure fluctuations Muscular arteries: Have less elastic tissue, but substantial muscle tissue Smaller arteries farther from heart Exposed to less extreme pressure fluctuations Veins: Far from heart Not subjected to pressure fluctuations Are low pressure vessels thus are thin walled Blood flows against gravity so 1. Have larger lumens 2. Have valves to prevent backflow 3. Skeletal muscle pump Capillaries: Tiniest vessels One cell layer thick: endothelium with underlying basal lamina (tunica intima) Thinnest for making exchanges between blood and tissue cells Activity One Observing a vein and an artery on a microscope slide. Major Systemic Arteries of the Body Activity Two Use the models provided to find arteries listed Use pictures on the following pages to assist Both models and pictures will be used on the test Major Systemic Veins of the Body Activity Three Use the models provided to find veins listed Use pictures on the following pages to assist Both models and pictures will be used on the test Special Circulations Pulmonary Circulation Does not serve metabolic needs of body tissues Function is to bring blood close to alveoli in order do gas exchange Pulmonary arteries are structurally similar to veins Create a low pressure bed in the lungs Carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs Pulmonary veins

Abstinence Offers New Hope for Teenage Sexual Epidemic Essay

Abstinence Offers New Hope for Teenage Sexual Epidemic - Essay Example (Argument Rhetorical Mode, Draft Research Essay) Shawanna Moore American Intercontinental University Professor Judi Mobley ENG 105 Abstinence Offers New 2 Abstinence Offers New Hope for Teenage Sexual Epidemic Jennifer Davis's mother picked her up early from school, and they rush to make it to Jennifer's gynecology appointment on time. In the examination room, as the doctor approaches them, her mother's fears are confirmed. Jennifer has a STD. Jennifer thinks out loud, "How could this ever be any worse" The Doctor looks at Jennifer and solemnly announces that she is also six weeks pregnant. Jennifer stares at the floor as her mother wrings her hands, sore from arthritis and tired from the work it takes to be a single mom. These types of situations can happen at anytime. By creating well-rounded, highly effective abstinence programs, educators have succeeded in reducing teen pregnancy rates and lowering the incidence of STDs. This scene is tragically played out countless times daily in every corner of the country. Jennifer did not mean to get pregnant, and she tried to avoid it. It was "just an accident". She practiced the "safe" methods that she was taught in her sex education class. Unfortunately for Jennifer, there was one method that was not covered in her class, which was the method of abstinence. Though sex education classes often fail to adequately cover it, abstinence has experienced an upsurge in popularity with students, educators, and schools. By itself, abstinence is a difficult challenge to any teenager's raging hormones, but when used as part of a larger program package it has been... " The Doctor looks at Jennifer and solemnly announces that she is also six weeks pregnant. Jennifer stares at the floor as her mother wrings her hands, sore from arthritis and tired from the work it takes to be a single mom. These types of situations can happen at anytime. By creating well-rounded, highly effective abstinence programs, educators have succeeded in reducing teen pregnancy rates and lowering the incidence of STDs. This scene is tragically played out countless times daily in every corner of the country. Jennifer did not mean to get pregnant, and she tried to avoid it. It was "just an accident". She practiced the "safe" methods that she was taught in her sex education class. Unfortunately for Jennifer, there was one method that was not covered in her class, which was the method of abstinence. Though sex education classes often fail to adequately cover it, abstinence has experienced an upsurge in popularity with students, educators, and schools. By itself, abstinence is a difficult challenge to any teenager's raging hormones, but when used as part of a larger program package it has been met with considerable success. Everyone should agree that we need to reduce the epidemic levels of STDs and unwanted pregnancies among our teenagers. Likewise, no one can make the argument that abstinence is not the world's most effective method of birth control.

Research proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Research proposal - Dissertation Example A growing and more substantial body of research and studies provide evidence of conflict between intrinsic motivation (a person’s own motivation for undertaking a task) and extrinsic motivation (external and conditionally imposed motivation for undertaking a task) (Benabou & Tirole, 2003; Holmstrom & Milgrom, 1991; Kreps 1997). In response to the diverse range of motivational studies a number of motivational theories have emerged that endeavor to account for the various findings. Such theories include those that focus either on incentives, expectancies or goals, and those that seek explanation of how employees respond to different types of incentives provided. The objective of this study is to take an investigative approach to research the various motivational theories and how they are being implemented within the workplace. A study will then be undertaken in order to determineundertaking a study that will focus on employee perceptions of the motivational incentive systems ope rating within their company, and how they impact on their performance and effort. ... research literature in relation to motivational systems and theories used within the workplace, and has the potential to provide suggestions for future incentive systems that take both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors into account and foster best opportunities and maximum efficiency and effectiveness of personnel. Literature review Motivational theorists consider that for each and every thing we do (behavior and actions) there is a fundamental reason or cause. They also believe that appreciation of the causes will enable prediction and thus allow for influence on those behaviors or actions (Franken, 2002). Motivational research today focuses mainly on the determination of what spurs motivation - what stimulus is required to increase motivation - and takes both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation into consideration. Intrinsic motivation according to Oudeyer & Kaplon (2007) is best understood when contrasted with extrinsic motivation, which relates to any activity that is un dertaken because of some of kind of reward or discrete outcome. Intrinsic motivation by contrastive definition refers to activities that are undertaken solely for pleasure with no price or value imposed on it (Ryan & Deci, 2000). An important distinction however, is that intrinsic and extrinsic do not mean the same as internal and external and are not synonyms. Internal motivations receive internal rewards, whereas external motivation receives external rewards; intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation however is not determined by where the reward comes from but on the type of reward that is given (Oudeyer & Kaplon, 2007). The theory of incentives has traditionally assumed that concrete and/or intangible rewards such as money, power or investments (Hoy & Miskel, 1991) that are given

Davidson argues that you can only find a solution to the problem of Essay

Davidson argues that you can only find a solution to the problem of other minds if you take it that knowledge about one's own mi - Essay Example In this relation, he asserts that the three knowledge forms a tripod in which the absence of any of them automatically makes it unable to stand; hence, it remains that the tripod must always be in the complementary of the thee cardinal categories of knowledge (Davidson, The essential 64). What is evident in the Donald’s argument is how evidence can be adduced in relation to the three knowledge. In regard to the knowledge of the mind and that of immediate surroundings, he states that they are not subject to much proof since they are directly construed by an individual and do not need much proof. This is because he claims that the knowledge of immediate world is subject to the functionality of the organs of senses (Davidson, The essential 99). Finally, he stipulates that the most complex knowledge is that of other people, for one to understand what others think about, one has to learn their behavior first and use that as evidence about his knowledge. In this case, he argues that what one knows about others dictates what is in his mind, which also combines those that he knows about his immediate environment making them interdependent. Explanation of the Logical Interdependence In brief, the term â€Å"logical interdependence† can be considered as two different words that can then be evaluated independently before they are enjoined in order to find their meaning. There are three terms in the statement that needs to be discerned to ensure the holistic understanding of the whole statement that are; â€Å"logical†, â€Å"inter†, and â€Å"dependence†. Starting with the term â€Å"logical†, we have to note that it is derived from the word â€Å"logics† which means the ability to reason with certain guiding principles of validity such that the conclusion is not a subject to any alteration, oversight, or intentional inclusion of all material facts. This enables proper inference to be made with regard to a situation that ca lls for such. In doing this, we will be trying to find a reasonable way of creating a distinction from what is fallacious or false from the right and valid (Davidson 5). Considering the usage of the term ‘inter’ in the statement, it means between or among other things; hence, it shows some relationship that exist in two or more things. In this regard, it shows that there can be deduction that can be made from the independent things, and shows the thread that weaves them together demonstrating the relationship that exists in them. In this case, it demonstrates how the three varieties of knowledge are dependent to one another. Finally, the consideration of the term â€Å"dependence† reveals that great link and association of the three knowledge varieties and how they supplement one another (Davidson, Truth 132). As Donald rightfully puts it, you cannot separate the knowledge about self, immediate environment and that of others, as they do work in tandem to corrobor ate and informs other facets of knowledge. The certainty in this case is evident when Donald states that the knowledge of what others thinks also informs what is in his mind illustrating the linkage and interdependence. In as much as others perceive regarding what one thinks about after learning their behavior as stated by Donald, one is capable of making a conclusion of what they think rationally and once he does that, it informs what is in their mind in relation to what others are thinking about. Therefore, in as much as one knows what others are t

(Book Proposal) Neurotheology in Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

(Book Proposal) Neurotheology in Review - Essay Example Its primary objectives are to establish comprehensive, interdisciplinary approaches to understand beliefs and to explain, interpret and predict the influences of beliefs to thought, feeling, behavior and experience. The purpose of this volume is to provide scope and definition to the new discipline of Neurotheology. Current scholarship in Neurotheology offers perspectives from Darwinian evolution and neuroscience (studies in frontal, parietal lobes and temporal lobe epilepsy), neuropsychology, genetics, cognitive science, cellular biology, chemistry, physics, mindfulness, electromagnetic field effects, and varying perspectives from psychology like conditioning, attachment and learning theories. Other perspectives on science and beliefs are developing from neuroeconomics, neuropolitics, and neuroethics while other fields of science need greater inclusion like astronomy, ecology, engineering, geology, linguistics and mathematics. Neurotheology acknowledges the complexity and diversity of human beliefs by providing a broad conceptual framework to encompass beliefs whether mystical or religious, economic or environmental, political or social, or some other. Each dimension of beliefs affords critical, creative study of the science(s), beliefs and/or belief systems involved. Both the science and beliefs intersect through a four-fold methodology that provides the basis to unpack the complexity of their relationship and intimate the relationship’s influence to human thought, feeling, behavior and experience. The proposed book â€Å"Neurotheology† attempts to summarize the complexities of this science to provide a general understanding of what neurotheology is and investigate some of the diversity of disciplines to which it is applicable. The book is primarily intended for college students but will serve also as an introductory text for anyone interested in learning more about

Costco membership policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Costco membership policy - Term Paper Example One of the key strengths about the brand is the fact that the business has been established with one main goals which was to provide membership to most wholesale buyers. The crucial fact about the business is that is business model is unique. As such, the uniqueness in the business model is a key marketing point that the organization needs to center on. Although, there are few other warehouse clubs in the United States and elsewhere across the globe, evidently, Costco was one of the first and still remains one of the leading organizations in the field (Edleson, 2014). As such, uniqueness is a key selling point for the organization. Another major strength is the brand reputation. Currently, Costco is a key destination for shoppers with large families or people seeking to purchase products in bulk. With a superior reputation as is the case with the organization, it is evident that the marketing of the brand would be much easier. Costco is recurrently mentioned in movies and television programs and hence the proposition that most of the people already know about it. As such, the marketing plan needs not to center on introduction of the brand but rather should be emphatic on maintaining a good reputation about the organization. Although the brand being too big is a focal point of strength, it can also serve as a key weakness for the organization. Arguably, marketing a large brand is hectic. Additionally, it is also very pricey. As such, the budget for marketing such an organization is huge. Likewise, marketing an already reputable brand is a little complicated in that wrong marketing strategies would lead into destroying the brand as opposed to improving its reputation. As such, the marketing developed for this organization needs to be considered keenly and assessed. The marketing team needs to be experienced in handling large brands and marketing them effectively (Bowman & Gatignon, 2010). This weakness

Report on operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Report on operations management - Essay Example The first floor also has a big supermarket where people can shop for groceries as well as other types of goods. The second floor has a variety of shops ranging from restaurants, electronics shops sports shops etc. The third floor also features the same types of shops. It also contains a banking lobby and the other peculiar shops offering special products. There is an electronic massage parlor located in a public place (not enclosed). The shopping mall has two wings, with an expansive area between the wings. In this area are the elevators and lifts that can be used to reach the various floors. The users also have an option to use the stairs. Every floor has modern toilets. With regard to operations management, volume refers to the volume of productivity in relation to the amount of resources such as labor that are needed for the production. High volume refers to a high ratio of production versus resources needed. Supermarkets such as Tesco have high volume of operation throughput due to use of automation. In the Mall, there are various factors that have made it possible to increase the volume in its operations management. The factors have to look at the following; The shopping mall has to be able to allow for a smooth flow of people in and out of the shopping mall twenty 24 of the day. The guards at the entrance of the mall have to know how to enforce security to deal with any insecurity threat that may be coming into mall and at the same time be able to allow for the smooth flow of human traffic. The supermarket in the mall is not just a small grocery store but is a fully fledged supermarket selling all types of merchandise. The supermarket needs to bring in merchandise into the mall and at the same time, be able to release merchandise after customers have bought the merchandise. The submarket has its own loading area and therefore does not interfere with the traffic flowing into the mall. The

Calcium within the Human Body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Calcium within the Human Body - Essay Example A fascinating interplay of pathways and signals are involved in calcium regulation. As research and new technologies evolve, new aspects are elucidated in these complex mechanisms. Various animal models have been used in order to understand the cellular responses and the hormonal regulation (Eckermann 2008). Moe (2008) states "normal homeostatic regulation maintains serum levels, intracellular levels, and optimal mineral content in bone", summarizing the intricacy of structures and organs that contribute to "normal" levels. The major organs involved in the regulation of its metabolism are the parathyroid glands, the kidneys, the skeleton, and the gut (Wysolmerski & Insogna 2007). Our body obtains the necessary amount of calcium from two major sources: diet (through intestinal absorption) and bones (through calcium mobilization). Foods that include a high amount of calcium are diary milk, cheese yogurt, and green vegetables. The amount of calcium people need varies: young people need a high intake, so that growth and development are assured. Older women need calcium supplementation in order to prevent osteoporosis. Calcium is absorbed in the very beginning of the small bowel: duodenum and the first portion of the jejunum. The intestinal absorption is regulated by Vitamin D, and its mobil ization is tightly regulated by various hormones and signaling mechanisms, with a continuous remodeling of calcium storage. For example, if calcium is not adequately obtained from diet, a series of hormonal mechanisms are set off in order to get the necessary amount from bones; if this process is sustained for a long period of time, bones weaken. The kidneys are also important organs which regulate calcium metabolism and keep its blood levels (Choudhury & Levy 2007). In the different portions of the kidney, calcium is reabsorbed, so that equilibrium is achieved in the blood. Additionally, in both the proximal and distal nephrons, filtrated calcium is passively or actively absorbed into the bloodstream obtaining adequate levels in the urine. Those mechanisms can be modified with different drugs, which are used in certain conditions such as renal calculi. To review the impact of kidney disease in calcium metabolism, Hamdy (2007) has published an article where he explains the role of chronic kidney disease and the major disturbances seen in bone and mineral metabolism. A review of calcium metabolism would not be complete without addressing bone processes. Bone undergoes remodeling in all life stages, but certainly this process is faster in younger individuals, and more significant in trabecular bone than cortical bone. Normal bones are formed by different substances. Most of the body's calcium is stored in the bones, along with phosphorus and, mostly, as calcium phosphate salts. The great majority (almost 99%) of the calcium is found in the skeleton and approximately 1% moves freely from and into the bones (Matos 2008). Two principal cells regulate bone formation and destruction: osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoclasts resorb bone and are formed by numerous monocytes that fuse and take shape of a multinucleated cell. On the other hand, osteoblasts deposit new bone and arise from mesenchymal cells. The remainder component of bone